Short-term supplementation of EPA-enriched ethanolamine plasmalogen increases the level of DHA in the brain and liver of n-3 PUFA deficient mice in early life after weaning
A lack of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in mothers’ diet significantly reduced the amount of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the brains of offspring, which might affect their brain function. Our previous research has proven multiple benefits of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-enriched ethanolamine plasmalogen (pPE) in enhancing the learning and memory ability. However, the effect of dietary supplementation with EPA-pPE on the DHA content in the brain and liver of offspring lacking n-3 PUFAs in early life is still unclear.
Female ICR mice were fed with n-3 PUFA-deficient diets throughout the gestation and lactation periods to get n-3 PUFA-deficient offspring.
The lipid profiles in the cerebral cortex and liver of offspring were analyzed using lipidomics after dietary supplementation with EPA-pPE (0.05%, w/w) and EPA-phosphatidylcholine (PC) (0.05%, w/w) for 2 weeks after weaning. Dietary supplementation with EPA could significantly change fatty acid composition in a variety of phospholipid molecular species compared with the n-3 deficient group. EPA-pPE and EPA-PC remarkably increased the DHA content in the brain PC, ether-linked phosphatidylcholine (ePC), and phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen (pPE) and liver triglyceride (TG), lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC), ePC, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and pPE molecular species, in which EPA-pPE showed more significant effects on the increase of DHA in cerebral cortex PC, ePC and liver PC compared with EPA-PC. Both EPA-phospholipids could effectively increase the DHA levels, and the pPE form was superior to PC in the contribution of DHA content in the cerebral cortex PC, ePC and liver PC molecular species. EPA-enriched ethanolamine plasmalogen might be a good nutritional supplement to increase DHA levels in the brains of n-3 PUFA-deficient offspring.
Liquid chromatography enantiomeric separation of chiral ethanolamine substituted compounds.
Eleven racemic ethanolamine derivatives were prepared, and their enantiomers were separated using liquid chromatography with various chiral columns. These derivatives included chiral vicinal amino alcohols, β-hydroxy ureas, β-hydroxy thioureas, and β-hydroxy guanidines, all of which are present in many active pharmaceutical ingredients. The screening study was performed with six chiral stationary phase containing columns, including four recently introduced superficially porous particles bonded with two macrocyclic glycopeptides, a cyclodextrin derivative and a cyclofructan derivative. The two remaining columns contained chiral stationary phases, based on either a cellulose derivative or derivatized amylose, both bonded to fully porous particles. The cyclodextrin and cellulose-based chiral stationary phases proved to be the most broadly effective selectors and were able to separate 8 and 7 of the 11 tested compounds, respectively. With respect to analyte structural features, marked differences in enantiorecognition were observed between compounds containing phenyl and cyclohexyl groups adjacent to the stereogenic center. Additionally, replacing a small electronegative oxygen atom by a larger and less electronegative sulfur atom induced a significant difference in chiral recognition by the cellulose derivative as well as by the vancomycin-based chiral selectors.
Deficiency of GPI Glycan Modification by Ethanolamine Phosphate Results in Increased Adhesion and Immune Resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins play important roles in maintaining the function of the cell wall and participating in pathogenic processes. The addition and removal of phosphoethanolamine (EtN-P) on the second mannose residue in the GPI anchor are vital for maturation and sorting of GPI-anchored proteins. Previously, we have shown that deletion of the gpi7, the gene that encodes an EtN-P transferase responsible for the addition of EtN-P to the second mannose residue of the GPI anchor, leads to the mislocalization of GPI-anchored proteins, abnormal polarity, reduced conidiation, and fast germination in Aspergillus fumigatus. In this report, the adherence and virulence of the A. fumigatus gpi7 deletion mutant were further investigated.
The germinating conidia of the mutant exhibited an increased adhesion and a higher exposure of cell wall polysaccharides. Although the virulence was not affected, an increased adherence and a stronger inflammation response of the mutant were documented in an immunocompromised mouse model. An in vitro assay confirmed that the Δgpi7 mutant induced a stronger immune response and was more resistant to killing.
Our findings, for the first time, demonstrate that in A. fumigatus, GPI anchoring is required for proper organization of the conidial cell wall. The lack of Gpi7 leads to fast germination, stronger immune response, and resistance to macrophage killing.
Time-Dependent Analysis of Plasmalogens in the Hippocampus of an Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Model: A Role of Ethanolamine Plasmalogen
Plasmalogens are alkenyl-acyl glycerophospholipids and decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brains. The aim of this study is to investigate the time-dependent changes of plasmalogens in the hippocampus of an AD model mouse (J20). Plasmalogen levels at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 months were analyzed by liquid-chromatography-targeted-multiplexed-selected-reaction-monitoring-tandem-mass-spectrometry (LC-SRM/MS).
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were evaluated using dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA).
Plasmalogen synthesizing enzyme glycerone-phosphate O-acyltransferase (GNPAT) and late endosome marker Rab7 levels were quantified by Western blotting. GNPAT localization, changes of neuronal and glial cell numbers were evaluated by immunostaining. Compared to wild-type mice (WT), total plasmalogen-ethanolamine, but not plasmalogen-choline levels, were increased at 9 months and subsequently decreased at 15 months in J20 mice.
A principal component analysis of plasmalogen-ethanolamine species could separate WT and J20 mice both at 9 and 15 months. Both GNPAT and Rab7 protein were increased in J20 mice at 9 months, whereas GNPAT was decreased at 15 months. ROS levels were increased in J20 mice except for 9 months.
Our results suggest that increased plasmalogen-ethanolamine could counteract ROS levels and contribute to the phagocytosis process in J20 mice at 9 months. Such results might indicate a transient protective response of plasmalogen-ethanolamine in AD conditions.
Impact of Vitamin D 3 Deficiency on Phosphatidylcholine-/Ethanolamine, Plasmalogen-, Lyso-Phosphatidylcholine-/Ethanolamine, Carnitine- and Triacyl Glyceride-Homeostasis in Neuroblastoma Cells and Murine Brain
Vitamin D3 hypovitaminosis is associated with several neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease or multiple sclerosis but also with other diseases such as cancer, diabetes or diseases linked to inflammatory processes. Importantly, in all of these diseases lipids have at least a disease modifying effect.
Besides its well-known property to modulate gene-expression via the VDR-receptor, less is known if vitamin D hypovitaminosis influences lipid homeostasis and if these potential changes contribute to the pathology of the diseases themselves. Therefore, we analyzed mouse brain with a mild vitamin D hypovitaminosis via a targeted shotgun lipidomic approach, including phosphatidylcholine, plasmalogens, lyso-phosphatidylcholine, (acyl-/acetyl-) carnitines and triglycerides. Alterations were compared with neuroblastoma cells cultivated in the presence and with decreased levels of vitamin D.
Ethanolamine |
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534143 | MedKoo Biosciences | 1.0L | 350 EUR |
Ethanolamine |
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40120112-1 | Glycomatrix | 500 mL | 44.84 EUR |
Ethanolamine |
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40120112-2 | Glycomatrix | 1 L | 72.29 EUR |
Ethanolamine |
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E676500 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 100g | 92 EUR |
Ethanolamine |
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GK6948 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100ml | 86.94 EUR |
Ethanolamine |
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GK6948-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | 30.9 EUR |
Ethanolamine |
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GK6948-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | 10.3 EUR |
Ethanolamine |
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GK6948-100ML | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 ml | 48 EUR |
Ethanolamine |
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GK6948-1L | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 l | 73.2 EUR |
Ethanolamine |
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GK6948-5 | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 | 95 EUR |
Ethanolamine |
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GK6948-500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 | 19 EUR |
Ethanolamine |
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GK6948-500ML | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 ml | 58.8 EUR |
Ethanolamine |
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GK6948-5L | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 l | 151.2 EUR |
Ethanolamine-13C2 |
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E676502 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 100mg | 4359 EUR |
Ethanolamine 99% |
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E02760 | Pfaltz & Bauer | 500ML | 203.5 EUR |
Ethanolamine - 1ML |
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S-1890 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1ML | 51.3 EUR |
Ethanolamine-d7 |
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E676506 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 10mg | 64 EUR |
CHKB (Choline/Ethanolamine Kinase, Choline/Ethanolamine Kinase beta, CKEKB, Choline Kinase beta, CKB, CK, Choline Kinase-like Protein, Ethanolamine Kinase, Ethanolamine Kinase beta, CHETK, CHKL) (AP) |
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MBS6373884-01mL | MyBiosource | 0.1mL | 920 EUR |
CHKB (Choline/Ethanolamine Kinase, Choline/Ethanolamine Kinase beta, CKEKB, Choline Kinase beta, CKB, CK, Choline Kinase-like Protein, Ethanolamine Kinase, Ethanolamine Kinase beta, CHETK, CHKL) (AP) |
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MBS6373884-5x01mL | MyBiosource | 5x0.1mL | 3990 EUR |
Both in cell culture and in vivo, decreased vitamin D level resulted in changed lipid levels. While triglycerides were decreased, carnitines were increased under vitamin D hypovitaminosis suggesting an impact of vitamin D on energy metabolism. Additionally, lyso-phosphatidylcholines in particular saturated phosphatidylcholine (e.g., PC aa 48:0) and plasmalogen species (e.g., PC ae 42:0) tended to be increased. Our results suggest that vitamin D hypovitaminosis not only may affect gene expression but also may directly influence cellular lipid homeostasis and affect lipid turnover in disease states that are known for vitamin D hypovitaminosis.