Bio-fabrication of Selenium Nanoparticles Using Baker’s Yeast Extract and Its Antimicrobial Efficacy on Food Borne Pathogens
In the current study, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were biosynthesized via extract of baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) for a green, economic, and eco-friendly strategy. The biosynthesized SeNPs were characterized using UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, DLS, and TEM. The particulates showed a spherical morphology with diameters between 4 and 51 nm; FTIR studies on NPs show functional groups corresponding to metabolites (proteins), which reduces and stabilizes the nanoparticle.
The antimicrobial efficacy of biosynthesized SeNPs against food borne pathogens was assessed. SeNPs showed promising antimicrobial action against food borne pathogens (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus niger) with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus niger, respectively. In conclusion, the biosynthesized SeNPs using extract of baker’s yeast are promising as a safe antimicrobial agent against food pathogens.
Hence, the biosynthesized SeNPs using baker’s yeast extract exhibit antimicrobial activities and could be a useful efficacious antimicrobial agent in the preservation of food and medical field.
Live yeast and yeastextracts with and without pharmacological levels of zinc on nursery pig growth performance and antimicrobial susceptibilities of fecal Escherichia coli
A total of 360 weanling barrows (Line 200 ×400, DNA, Columbus NE; initially 5.6 ± 0.03 kg) were used in a 42-d study to evaluate yeast-based pre- and probiotics (Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI) in diets with or without pharmacological levels of Zn on growth performance and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns of fecal Escherichia coli.
- Pens were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 5 pigs per pen and 18 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of yeast-based pre- and probiotics (none vs. 0.10% ActiSaf Sc 47 HR+, 0.05% SafMannan, and 0.05% NucleoSaf from d 0 to 7, then concentrations were lowered by 50% from d 7 to 21) and pharmacological levels of Zn (110 vs. 3,000 mg/kg from d 0 to 7, and 2,000 mg/kg from d 7 to 21 with added Zn provided by ZnO).
- All pigs were fed a common diet from d 21 to 42 post-weaning. There were no yeast ×Zn interactions or effects from yeast additives observed on any response criteria. From d 0 to 21, and 0 to 42, pigs fed pharmacological levels of Zn had increased (P < 0.001) ADG and ADFI.
- Fecal samples were collected on d 4, 21, and 42 from the same three pigs per pen for fecal dry matter (DM) and AMR patterns of E. coli. On d 4, pigs fed pharmacological levels of Zn had greater fecal DM (P = 0.043); however, no differences were observed on d 21 or 42. E. coli was isolated from fecal samples and the microbroth dilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of E. coli isolates to 14 different antimicrobials. Isolates were categorized as either susceptible, intermediate, or resistant based on Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.
- The addition of pharmacological levels of Zn had a tendency (P = 0.051) to increase the MIC values of ciprofloxacin; however, these MIC values were still well under the CLSI classified resistant breakpoint for Ciprofloxacin. There was no evidence for differences (P > 0.10) for yeast additives or Zn for AMR of fecal E. coli isolates to any of the remaining antibiotics.
- In conclusion, pharmacological levels of Zn improved ADG, ADFI, and all isolates were classified as susceptible to ciprofloxacin although the MIC of fecal E. coli tended to be increased. Thus, the short-term use of pharmacological levels of Zn did not increase antimicrobial resistance. There was no response observed from live yeast and yeast extracts for any of the growth, fecal DM, or AMR of fecal E. coli criteria.
Identification of Tropical Plant Extracts That Extend Yeast Chronological Life Span
Certain plant extracts (PEs) contain bioactive compounds that have antioxidant and lifespan-extending activities on organisms. These PEs play different roles in cellular processes, such as enhancing stress resistance and modulating longevity-defined signaling pathways that contribute to longevity. Here, we report the discovery of PEs that extended chronological life span (CLS) in budding yeast from a screen of 222 PEs. We identified two PEs, the leaf extracts of Manihot esculenta and Wodyetia bifurcata that extended CLS in a dose-dependent manner. The CLS-extending PEs also conferred oxidative stress tolerance, suggesting that these PEs might extend yeast CLS through the upregulation of stress response pathways.
Production and characterization of yeastextracts produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardii and Kluyveromyces marxianus
In recent years, prejudice in society against monosodium glutamate (MSG) has directed food manufacturers to alternative sources. Yeast extracts are considered as “natural” due to the production process and stand out due to their nutritional properties as well as giving a flavor similar to MSG.
In this study, chemical, functional and flavor properties of yeast extract powders produced from Saccharomyces cerevisiae TGM10, Saccharomyces boulardii S11 and Kluyveromyces marxianus TGM66 were evaluated. Results revealed that the most protein-rich sample was S. cerevisiae TGM10 extract (69.17%), followed by S. boulardii S11 (66.16%) and K. marxianus TGM66 (62.42%) extracts, respectively and S. cerevisiae TGM10 extract was also the richest yeast extract for essential amino acids. Additionally, flavor-enhancing amino acids such as glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine and glycine were dominant in S. cerevisiae TGM10 extract (47.41 g/100 g protein).
Sensorial evaluation of yeast extracts demonstrated that salty taste, umami taste and meaty flavor scores of yeast extracts were lower than MSG whereas for fruity flavor, yeast extracts had the highest scores. These findings revealed the potential of three yeast strains to produce yeast extracts in order to increase the nutritional value and flavor of foods.
Impacts of Effective Microorganisms, Compost Tea, Fulvic Acid, YeastExtract, and Foliar Spray with Seaweed Extract on Sweet Pepper Plants under Greenhouse Conditions
Sweet pepperincludes several vitamins and is regarded as a great source of bioactive nutrients, such as carotenoids and phenolic compounds, for human growth and activities. This work aimed to investigate the effects of the soil addition of growth stimulants, namely, effective microorganisms (EM), compost tea, fulvic acid, and yeast extract, and foliar applications of seaweed extract, on the vegetative growth, enzyme activity, phytohormones content, chemical constituents of plant foliage, fruit yield, and fruit quality of sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Zidenka) growing under greenhouse conditions.
The results showed that the tallest plant, largest leaf area/plant, and heaviest plant fresh and dry weights were recorded after combining a soil addition of yeast extract and foliar spray with seaweed extracts at 3 g/L in two growing seasons. The highest number of fruit/plant, fruit yield/m2, fruit values of vitamin C (VC), total sugars, total soluble solids (TSS), and carotenoids, along with the highest leaf of cytokines, P, K, Fe, and total carbohydrates values, were obtained using a soil addition of fulvic acid and spray with seaweed extract at 3 g/L in the two seasons of study.
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| 0146 | AthenaES | 500 g | 41.6 EUR |
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| G0961 | Bio Basic | 500g | 97.58 EUR |
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| A2540-1000000 | ApexBio | 1000 g | 259.2 EUR |
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| A2540-500000 | ApexBio | 500 g | 170.4 EUR |
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| abx082370-500g | Abbexa | 500 g | 260.4 EUR |
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| IB49160 | IBI Scientific | 500GM | 71.16 EUR |
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| IB49161 | IBI Scientific | 1KG | 105.42 EUR |
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| IB49162 | IBI Scientific | 5KG | 445.71 EUR |
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| IB49163 | IBI Scientific | 20KG | 1350.24 EUR |
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| Y2007-050 | GenDepot | 500g | 218.4 EUR |
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| Y2007-100 | GenDepot | 1Kg | 295.2 EUR |
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| Y2007-250 | GenDepot | 2.5Kg | Ask for price |
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| Y2007-500 | GenDepot | 5Kg | Ask for price |
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| Y25-101-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | 926.4 EUR |
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| Y25-101-2Kg | Alphabiosciences | 2 Kg | 248.4 EUR |
These treatments also provided the lowest abscisic acid, peroxidase, and super oxidase dismutase values in the same conditions. Sweet pepper plants supplemented with compost tea and seaweed extract foliar spray at 3 g/L were the most promising for inducing the highest values of fruit fresh and dry weights, fruit length and diameter, and the leavesrichest in N, Zn, and Mn; inversely, it induced the lowest catalase levels in both seasons. The applications of EM, yeast extract, and seaweed extract could be applied for high growth, mineral levels, enzymatic activity, fruit yield, and nutritional value of sweet pepper fruit and minimizing environmental pollution.